???? ??? ??

百度以公共交通车站为中心，构建连续的步行系统是中国TOD社区最基本的人性化设计要求。

???? ??? ??(role-playing video game, role-playing game, RPG) ?? ??? ???? ??(CRPG: Computer role-playing game)? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??(?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??)?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???. ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????. ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??(??? ?? ??? ???? ?)? ???? ??. ??, ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????.

???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????^[1] ?? ??? ??, ??, ?? ??? ????. ? ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ? ???? ??, ???? ??? ??, ???? ???? ??? ??? ??. ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????. RPG? ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ???? ????? ??? 3D ???? ????.

??? RPG? 1970?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? & ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ????????, RPG? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ? ??? ???. ??? ???? ?? ?? RPG? ???, ?? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???. ???, RPG? ?? AAA ??? ???? ??? ???? ? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??. ???? ?? ????? OFF, ????, ???? ?? ???? ???, ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.

??

???? ??? ??? ??? ?? & ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??, ?? ? ?? ??? ????.^[2] ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????, ??? ?? ??? ?????. ??, ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????.^[1] ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????. ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????.

???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? RPG? ? ??? ?? ?? RPG? ???.^[3]

???? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ???? ??? ????,^[4] ?? ?? ???? ???. ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????, ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????. ?? ? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????, ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????.^[5]

???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ? ? ?? ??? ? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????. ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????.^[3]^[6]

???? ??

???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??, ??, ??? ???? ????? ? ????? ??. ?? ? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????: ????? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ?? ?? ??.^[3] ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????. ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??.^[3]

?? ? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ??: ??? ???("?? ??" ?????? ???), ?? ???("?? ??" ?????? ???), ?? ??? ???("?? ??" ?????? ???).

??? ???? ?? ?? ???, ? ? ??? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ?????, ??? ??? ?????, ???? ???? "??? ???"(?? "XP" ?? "EXP"? ???)? ?? ?? ????. ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????; ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ??. ?????, ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? ??.
?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????. ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????, ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????—?, ???? ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ?????? ????.
?????, ?? ??? ???(?? ?? Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines?? ??? ???)??? ???? ??? ??? ?? "?? ???"? ??? ???, ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ? ??.

1980??? 1990??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? "???"?? ????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????.

???? ??

?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????, ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ??.^[3] ?? ??? ?? ??? (?: ??? ?? SF)? ??? ??,^[7] ????? ???? ? ? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ??. ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ????.^[3]

???? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???, ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ? ??. ??? ??? ?????? ? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ? ??? ? ???? ??? ??. ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ? ???? ????? ??, ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ??, ????? ??? ????? ????, ?? ??? ? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ? ??. ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ??. ???? ????? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???.^[3]

? ? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????(?? ??? GM)?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????, ??? ??? ???, ????? ??? ??? ? ??? ??.^[8] ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????. ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ? ??. ??, ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??, ??? ?????, ?????? ?? ? ?????? ?? ? ???? ????? ????? ??? ? ??. ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ? ???, ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??, ??? ????? ??? ? ?? ??. ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??.^[3]^[9]

??? ???

??? ???? ?? ?? RPG? ??? ????.^[3] ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????, ??? ??, ??? ?? ???.^[3] ??, ????, FATE ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???.^[3] ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? 1980? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???.^[10]

??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???, ???? ? ?? ?? ??? ????. RPG? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ??. ????? ???? ? ?? ?? ?? ???, ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ? ?? ????. ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??, ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ??.^[3]

????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??. ?? RPG? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ? ???, ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ? ??.^[3]

???? ????

????? ?? ?? ???? ???(??, ??, ??? ?)? ?? ??? ? ??.^[3] ????? ???? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ??? ? ??. ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ????. ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????.^[11] ?? ????? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ? ??.^[3]

??? ??? ??

???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????, ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????.^[3] ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????. ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??. ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????.^[3]

?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ? ??? ??. ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ???, ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ? ? ??? ???, ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????.^[3] ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ??. ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???, ? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??.^[3] ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???, ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??.^[12]

?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ?? ????? ???? ??, ?? ?? ?, ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ??. ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ??. ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???. ???? ????? ??, ???, ?? ??? ?? ??, ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????. ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???, ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???. ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ???, ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ? ????? ??? ??? ? ??. ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? & ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??.^[3]^[13]

?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????. ??? ??? ???, ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? ????. ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????. ??? ??, ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ? ??? ? ??. ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ??. ??? ????? ??? ???? ????. ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ??.^[3]

???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ? ????? ???? ? ?? ??. ? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??. ?? ??? ????? ?? ? ???? ?? ? ????? ?????? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ??, ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??.

??

?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????. ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??.^[3] ?? ??, ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????. ? ???? RPG? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ? ???? ? ??. ???? RPG? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????, PC? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ???? ??? ????. ?? ??? ????? ???? ????, ??? ?? ????, ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????.^[3]

???? ?? ?????? ? ?? ? ???? ??? ? ??. ?? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???. ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????. ? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????, ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????. ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????, ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???, ?? ? ?? ???? ???. ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????. ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????.^[14]

??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? RPG ??? ?? ? ??. ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? RPG ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????. ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???. ? "?? ?? ?? ???" ???(RTwP)? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???. ?? ??? RTwP ??? ???? ????. "?? ?? ?? ???"? ?? ????? "??? ?? ??"? "? ???"? ??.^[14]^[15] ?? RPG ??? Apeiron? ??? ???? Smart Pause Mode (SPM)?? ?????, ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????.^[16] Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel ? Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ?? RTwP ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ????. ??? "?? ? ??" ??? ?????, ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???.^[17]^[18]

?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??. ??? ???? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ? 1? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???, ?? ?? PC? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ???.

?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??. ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???, ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ? ???. ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????. ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????.

????? ? ???

?? ???? ??? ??? 2?? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? 1?? ?? ????. ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????. ?? Ultima Underworld (1992) ?? ???? ??? ??? 3?? (3D) ???? ???? ?????, ????? ????? 1?? ?? 3?? ???? ?? ??? ????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ? ??? ?? ?? RPG??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????.^[19]

???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ?????? ????. ?? ??, ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???. PC??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??, ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????.

??? ??

???? ??? ?? ??? 1970?? ?? ????? ????? ?? & ???? ?? ? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????.^[20] ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???, ??? ????? ??, ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??, J. R. R. ??? ?? ??? ??? ??,^[21] ??? ?? ???? ?? ??,^[22]^[23] ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????, ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???.^[24]

?? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ???? ?????: ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ?????(1980? ??? ??? ?? ???), ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??(???? ???, 1981?? ????), ??? ?? ??, ??, ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??(???, 1981?? ????).

???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??, ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???, ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ? ?? ???? ????. ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????.^[25] ?????, ?? RPG? ???? ??? ??? ?????, 1990?? ??? ???? 2 ? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????. ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? XI, ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??(MMORPG)?? ????.^[26]

????? ???

???? ??? ?? ??? 1970?? ??? PDP-10 ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? RPG, ? ??, pedit5, dnd? ???? ?????.^[27] 1980??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??, ??? ?????. ??, ???, ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ASCII ???? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? "?????"?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???.

??? ???

??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ?????? ?? CLOAD (1980)? ??? Dungeon n Dragons??. ? ?? ??? TRS-80 ?? 1??? ??????, 16K ??? ??? ?? ?? ???, ??? ??, ?? ?? ??, ??, ???? ? ??, ??? ?? ?? ???? ??.^[28] ???? ?? CRPG(??? ???? ??)?? Temple of Apshai, Odyssey: The Compleat Apventure, ??? ???? ??? ?????: ??? ??? ???. ?? ?? ??????? RPG(?: Telengard (1982) ?? Sword of Fargoal)? ????? ?????, ?? ??(?: ??? ?? ????, ?? CRPG ? ?? ???? ??)? ?? & ???? ???? ??? ????. ??? ?? 1?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????, ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????(?? ?? ?????? ? ?? ??? ?? ????). RPG? ???? ?? ??? Ultima III: Exodus ?? ??? ??????, ? ??? ??? ? ?? RPG ??? ??? ??? ???. ?? ??, ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??, Tunnels of Doom? ??? "?? ??"?? ?? ??? ???? ??, Dungeons of Daggorath? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??.^[29]

1984? Questron? 50 Mission Crush? ???? SSI? ?? CRPG ???? ????. 1985? ?? Phantasie? ????? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????. ?? 1988? Pool of Radiance? ?????, ?? Advanced Dungeons & Dragons ??? ???? ? ?? "Gold Box" CRPG ? ? ?? ????. ? ???? ??? ?? 1?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??. ?? ??? ??? RPG? "????"?? ??? ? ??? RPG? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? "??"? ???? ??? ? ???? ?? ???. ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ??. ? ?? ??? ???? ?? Sir-Tech? Star Saga 3??(? ??? ???)??. ? ?? ??? 13?? ???? ?? 888?? "????"(?? ?? ???? ?? ??)? ????, ? ?? ??? 14?? ???? ?? 50,000?? ??? ????. ? ??? ?? ???? ? ?????, ?? ???? ? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??. ? ??? ?? ?? ????? The Bard's Tale (1985), ?????? (1988), ??? ? ?? (1986–2014) ???? ?? ? ???? ??? (1981–1999) ???? ??.^[30]

?? 1990?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? RPG? ???????, ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???, ????? ??, ?? RPG ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??. ?? ??? ???????: ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? 2? ? ??? ????. ? ???? ??? ? ?? 6 ? ?? ???: ???? ?? ??? ?? 3D ?? ????? ??? ?????. TSR? Dark Sun: Wake of the Ravager ? ?????? ?? SSI? ?? ??? ??? ?? AD&D ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????, ?? ??????? ?????, ?????? ??? ??? (1998) ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????. 2000??? ??? 3D ??? ???? ???.^[31]

??? ?? ??

???? ?? ??? RPG? 1982? ??? 2600? Dragonstomper??.^[32] ???? ? ?? ?? RPG? 1983? ?? X1 ?????? ?? ??? Bokosuka Wars^[33]???, ?? 1984? MSX, 1985? ??????, Sharp X68000?? New Bokosuka Wars? ?????. ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??, ?? ???? "????? RPG" ??? ??? ???. ?? ???,^[34] ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??.^[35]^[36] 1986?, ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???(8?? ???? ????? Dragon Warrior? ??)? ?????, ?? ??? RPG? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????.^[37]

1987?, ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? RPG? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? RPG? ??? ?? ????? ????. ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? II: ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ? ?? RPG? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ? ????.^[38] ? ??? ???? RPG? ? ?????.^[39] Faxanadu? NES? ? ?? ?? ?? RPG???, ??? ?? RPG Dragon Slayer II: Xanadu? ??? ???? ?????.^[40] ???? NES? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????, ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ? ??? ?? RPG? ??? ???.^[41] 1988?, ??? ??? III? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????. ? ?? "?? ??? ?/? ??? ?????. ?? ???, ???, ???? ?? ????? ??? ? ??."^[42] 1989?, ????? ??? ?? II: ???? ?? ??? ???? ???, ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ????.^[43]

?? RPG? 1990?? ? ??? RPG? ?? ? ??? ???. ?? RPG? ??? RPG?? ??? ??? ???, ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ?????. ?? RPG? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???, ?????? ??? ???, ??? ????, ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??. ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? RPG??? ?? ?????, ???? ??? RPG??? ??? ? ???.^[44] 1990?? ?? ?? RPG? ?? ? ???? ?? ??? RPG?? ? ? ???? ????.^[45] ?? RPG? ??? ??? RPG? ?????, ??? RPG? 10?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????.^[46]

?? ?? ??? 1990?? ??? 5?? ??? ? ???? ????? ????. RPG? ??? ??? ????. ? ?? ??? ?? ???, ? ?? ???, ? ?? ???? ?????. ?? 1997? ??? ??? VII? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ??? ????.^[47]^[48] ? 4,500? ???? ???? ?? ????,^[47] ??? ??? VII? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???. ??? ?? ???? ??? 3D ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????,^[49] ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ? ??, ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? CGI ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????.^[48]^[47] ? ??? ? PC? ???? ? ??? ?????, ?? ?? RPG?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????.^[45]

??? ??

??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. 1985??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????. ????? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ?? ????, ?? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???, ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ? ????, The Black Onyx (1984)? ????/??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??(????? ???????? ??)? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? (1986)? ??? ???? ??? ????? ? ?????, ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ? ???? ?? ??? ??????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ? ????? ?? ? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? RPG?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????.^[50] ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? RPG? ?? RPG?? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????.^[25]^[51]^[52]^{[Note 1]}

2000?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ? ??????, ?? ???? ??(WRPG)? ?? ???? ??(JRPG) ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???.^[53] ???? ??? ????? ????, WRPG? ? ??? ???, ??? ???, ??? ???? ??, ???, ??? ???? ?? ??(?: "?? ??" ?? "??? ??"^[53])? ? ? ??? ??? ??? ??. ?? JRPG? ? ??, ????? ??? ?? ???, ?? ???, ? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ???? ???(?: "?? ??" ?? "??? ??"^[53])? ? ? ??? ??? ??? ??.^[25]^[54]^[55]^[56]^[57]^[58]^[59] ??, WRPG? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ???,^[60] 1990?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???(?: ???????: ???)? ? ?? ??? ???.^[61] ??? JRPG? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??.^[59]^{[Note 2]} 1990?? ? JRPG? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????,^[63] 1990?? ???? ???? ? ????? ????(?: ??? ??? ???). ??? WRPG? ???? ???? ???? ?????(?: ???????: ???), 2000?? ???? ? ???? ???? ????(?: ?? ???).^[61]

??? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? RPG? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ? ??.^[64]^[65] ? ??, ?? ?? RPG? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ?? ??????.^[54] ?? ? ? ?? ??? ??? WRPG?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???, ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? "??? ??"?? ???? ??.^[64]^[66] ??, ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? 16?? ??? JRPG? ??? ?? ???, ?????? RPG ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????.^[64]

? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? "???"? ??? ?? ??, ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????.^[25] WRPG? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??, JRPG ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???, ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??. JRPG? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ?? ? ??? ?????, ?? ?? JRPG? ?? ? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??.^[60] ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????, ?? RPG? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??, ?? RPG? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ? ???? ???? ??.^[67]^[56] ?? ??, ??? ??? XIII? ???? ? ?? 3?? 1? ????.^[68] 2015? IGN? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? "JRPG"?? ??? "??? ??? ???" RPG? ???? ? ?? ????? ????, "????? JRPG?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??"??? ????.^[69]

?? JRPG? ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ? ??, ?? WRPG? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ? ??.^[56]^[59]^[70] ???? ?? ? ????: ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ? ???? ??? 1990?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? RPG?? ?? ?? RPG?? ?? ? ???.^[71]

?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????, ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????. ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???(??? ???? ?? ??? ??)? RPG? ??? ??? ?????? ? ??, ??? "???? ??"?? ????? ??? ????.^[72] ??? ??? ? ? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? "????? JRPG? '? ??? ???? ???'?, WRPG? '1?? ?? ???? ??? ???'? ????? ?????, '????? ?? ??' ???? ??"? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????. ?? ?? "??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???"? ?????, "??? ? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?"??? ????.^[73] ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? "???? ???? 'JRPG'?? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?"??? ???. 1UP.com? ?? Jeremy Parish? "??????? ?? RPG? ?? RPG ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????"?, "? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??. ????? ??? ??, ??? ??? ???? ?? ???, ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???"?? ????.^[74] ?????? Nick Doerr? JRPG? "?? ???"??? ??? ????, ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? JRPG? ??? ??? ????.^[75] ?????, ?????? Rowan Kaiser? 1990???? ?? WRPG? ????, ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ????? "??? ???" "?? ??? ???"? ????, ?? ???? ?? ??? RPG?? ???? ????? Lands of Lore ? Betrayal at Krondor? ?? ???? ?? ????.^[53]

??

???? ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??, ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???.

1980?? ??, ???? Defender of the Crown? ?? ???? ?? ??? RPG? ??? ????? ?, ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???. ??? "?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??"? ?????, ?? ?? ?? RPG?? ?? ? ? ??? ???? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????.^[76] 1990?? ?, ?? ??? RPG? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????. ???? "??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??"??, ????? ???? ?????? ?? RPG? ??? ??? IV? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? "??? ???"?? ?????.^[63] ??? 1994? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? 2? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? RPG? ??? ? "????" ?? ?? ??? ?? "????" ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? JRPG? "?? ????? ???"?? ??? ???? ????. ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? RPG? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???.^[77] ? ?? ?? ??? 1980?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ? Gold Box ???? ????? ???(??, ??? ?? ??? ??)? ?? ???? ?? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????.^[78]

?? ?? RPG? 1990??? ?? ? ???? ??,^[45] ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ??? RPG? ????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????. ?? ????? ?? ?? RPG? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ?? ??? RPG? ?? ?? RPG? ???? "? ???? ????"? ????? ??? ????, ?? ?? ??? ????? ????.^[54] ?? ?? ????, ?? ??? RPG? 1990?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????.^[79]

?? ???? JRPG? "???" RPG? ???? ?????. ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ????.^[80]^[Turner] ?? RPG? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???.^[80]^[Turner]^[80]^[81]^{[Note 3]} ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? "JRPG"?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??.^[70] ?? ????? JRPG? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??. ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? JRPG? ???? ??? ?????, ??? ??? XIII? ??? ?? RPG? ???? ????? ??.^[83]^[84]^[85] ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????(?? ???? ??) ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???.^[86] ?? ?? ?????? ????? JRPG? ??? "???"? ??? ???.^[87]^[88]^[89]^[90] Front Mission Evolved? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??.^[91] PSM3? ???? RPGFan.com? Brittany Vincent? "????? ?? JRPG? ??? ?? ????"? ???, ??? ??? CEO ??? ??? "?? ????? ???? ???? ??"? ??? ?? ????, ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? JRPG? "??? ????" ? ?? ??? ????.^[92] ??? ??? ? ?? ?????? ?????, ???? ???: ? ???(???? ??????) ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? RPG? ???? ??? ????? ????.^[93] ?????? Nick Doerr? ????? JRPG? "?? ???" "?? ???"??? ???? ????, ?? ?? "[?]??? ??"??? ????, Romancing SaGa ???? ?? ??? JRPG? ??? ????.^[75] ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? JRPG? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????, ?? ????? ? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????.^[94]^[95]^[96]^[97] Gamasutra? Jeff Fleming? ?? ??? ??? ?? RPG? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????, ??? ?? ???? ??? DS? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ? ????? ???? ?? RPG? ?????? ????.^[98]

?? RPG ?? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ???. ??? ???? ??? ??? ???, ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???.^[57] ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???,^[99] ?? RPG? ?? ??? ?? ??.^[100] ??? ???? ???? ?? RPG? ????, ??? "??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? [??] ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??"? ???.^[101] ???? ????? "????? WRPG? '1?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???'? ????? ????"? ????.^[73] ?? ? ? ?? ????? WRPG? ?? RPG?? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????.^[64] ?????? ???? ??? JRPG? ?? WRPG? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ? ? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???, ? ?? ???? ??, ?? ? ??? ?? ??, ?? ?? ???? ????? ???.^[80]^[Nutt] ?? ?? WRPG? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ? ???? ??? ??? ???.^[80]^[Nutt] ?? ???? Tom Battey? JRPG? ?? ??? ?? ?? WRPG?? ??? RPG ?? ??? ???? ????? ????.^[89] ????? ??? "?? ??, ???? ??, ??? ?? ??? ??"?? ?????.^[102] ???? ??? ?? WRPG ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? "???? ??"?? "??? ???"? ????? ??? ???.^[103]

??? ???? ????, ?????? Rowan Kaiser? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????, ?? ?? ???(?: Lands of Lore, Betrayal at Krondor, ??? ???)? ?? ?? ?? ???(?: ??? ??? ? ??? ??) ?? ??? ???? ????, ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ???, "?? ??" ???? ??? ??? ????? ????.^[53] ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????, ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????.^[73]

??

???? ???? ?? ????, ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??. ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???^[104]? ?? ?????^[105]? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?, ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? JRPG? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ??.^[106] JRPG? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? "????? ?? ?? ?? ???" ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ? ??.^[107] ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????.^[25]

?? ??

?? RPG

?? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? RPG? ???? ?????? ???? ???

????? ?? RPG? ? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ?? RPG? 1980?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???. ? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??, ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????.^[108] ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? (1986)? ?? ??????, ?? ??, ??? ?????, ??? ?? ??,^[109] ??? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? RPG? ???? ???? ????.^[110]^[111] ? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? RPG? ??? ? ??? ???.^[112] ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ??? RPG? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ???.^[113]

?? RPG ??? ? ?? ??? ???? (1996)? ?? ??????. ? ????? ?? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ??. ?? ?? RPG?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ? ? ??? ??? ????. ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??. ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???. ??? ?? ??? "??? ??" ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ? ??? ??.

?? RPG? ???? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ???. ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???, ??, ???? ?? ????? ??, ??, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ? ??.^[108] ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???. ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? (2000)? ??. ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????.^[108] ??? ??? ???? ??, ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ??? ??, ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????.^[108]

?? ?? RPG? ????? ???? ?? ? ???.^[114] 1980?? ??? 1990?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? RPG? ???? ??? ????, ??? VII (1992)? ???? ? ???? ?? ? ???? ?, ??? ?? ??? ?? ???.^[114] PC??? ????? ?? ???? ????. ?? ???? ???, ? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? "???? ??"??? ???.^[115] ???? ?? 10?? ??? ? ???? 4? ??? ? 3?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????. PC? ?? RPG? ?? ??? ?? ??, Sacred, ?????, ????: ??? ??. ????: ??? ???? ??????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????, ?? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????.^[115]^[116] ????? ???? ?????? ????: ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????.^[117]^[118]

? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??(1?? ?? ??? 3?? ?? ?? ??)? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ???,^[108]^[119] ???: ? ???, ???? 2, ? ?? ????? ??.

?? ?? ??

?? ??? ??? Damnation of Gods? ????. ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ???? 1?? ???? "??"?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????.

? ?? ??? ????? 1?? ???? ??? ??? ???, ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? RPG? ????. ??? ?? ??? ????, ??? ? ?? ? The Bard's Tale ???? Etrian Odyssey ? Elminage ???? ??. ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? "??"?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? "???(blobbers)"?? ???? ??.^[120]^[121]

???? "???"? ? ?????, ?? ???, ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??. ?? ? ?? ??? ???, ?? ?? ????? ? ??? ? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ??.

MMORPG

1970?? ?? PLATO ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? RPG? ?? ?? ????? ?????,^[122] ?? RPG?? ??? ??? ??? 1990?? ????? ???? ???? ???.^[26] ?? ??, ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? 2 (1993)? ???? ????? ??? 2? ? 3? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? RPG ? ????.^[123]^[124] ??? ???? (1997)? CRPG? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? 4?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????, ???? ?????, ?? ?? ? ??? ??.

?? ? ?? ?? 1978? MUD1? ??? MUD ??? LPMud (1989) ? DikuMUD (1991)? ?? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???. ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? MUD? ???? ????, ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? MMORPG? ???? ???.^[125]^[126] Meridian 59 (1995), ??? ?? (1996), ??? ??? (1997), ??? (1998), ????? (1999)? ?? ???? ???? ????? (2001), ????? ???(2002), ??? ??? XI (2003), ?? ??? (2003) ???? Toontown Online (2003), ?? ?? ????? (2004)? ?? ??? ???? ????.

?????? ?? ???? RPG? ?????, MMORPG? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????, ???? ????? ?? CRPG??? MUD?? ? ??? ?? ? ??. ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? "?? ??"? ????? ???????, ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ? ?? ??? ???. ? ?? CRPG? MMORPG ? MUD ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ???, ?? "??? ??? ?? ?"? "?? ??? ??? ?? ?"? ??? ??? ? ??.^[45]

?? ???? ??? ????, ?? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ????. ??? ?? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ? ????. (...) ??? ??? ??? ??? ????... ??? ?? ??? ? ? ???, ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???. ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????.

—??? ???, ??? ?? (2007)??? ???? ?? ??? ??^[127]

??, MMORPG? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? RPG ? ?? ???? "???" ??? ?????? ??? ???. ??? ???: ?? ????? "??"? ??, "??"? ???, "??"? ????, "?? ?"? ??? ???. ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?, ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??.^[127] ? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ? ???, ?? ??, ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????.^[128]^[129]^[130] ?? ?? ????—?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? (2007)??^[127]—????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??.^[131]

?????, ??? ???? MMORPG? ????? ?? ???? RPG?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????.^[66] ?? ??, ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???—?? ??? ??? ??? PC??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ? ??—?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? "??? ???"??, ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ? ??.^[132] ?????, ????? ?? ????? ??? ??, ??? ?? ?? ??, ?? ??, ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??(??? ????)? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? RPG? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??.^[45]^[66]^[133]^{[Note 4]}

??? ??

??? ?? ??(??? ?? ????? ???)? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????. ?????? ?? ???? ?? ? ??? ? ??? ?????, ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????, ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ???, ????, ???? ?? ????.

?????? ?????

??? ?? ?????? ?? ASCII ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????. ? ????? ???? ??? ?? `@`? ????.

?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???, ??? ??? ?? ??, ? ?? ?????, ?? ?? ???, ???? ???? ??? ??, ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??. ?????? 1980? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????.^[134]^[135] ? ???? 1980??? 1990?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??? ????? ???? ????. ? ? ??? ?? ? ??? Hack, ??, ADOM, Moria, ????, ??? ?? ??'???? ????.^[136] ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???.^[137]

???? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????, ?? ????? ??, ?? ?? ? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???, ????? ??? ??? ??? ????. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? "?????-???", "??-???" ?? "??? ?? ??"?? ???? ??.^[137] ????^[138]? ??? ??^[139]? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???.

???? RPG

???? RPG, ?? ?? ?? RPG? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??(?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????). ???? RPG? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???, ??? ???? ??? NPC, ??? ???, ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? RPG ? ?? ? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? ??? ????. ???? RPG? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????. ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???, ????? ?? ??? ??? ??, ???? ??? ??? ????? ???·????, ????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ?? ? ???? ???, Looking Glass Studios ? ???? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? 2, Ion Storm? ???? ??, ???? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ? ??? ???, ????? ???? ? Playground Games? ???, Piranha Bytes? ?? ???, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???, ??? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??.

?? RPG

? ? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??(RPG) ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????.^[140] ?? RPG? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??,^[22] ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ? ?? ?? ??(Chainmail? ??)? ????.^[141]^[142] ?? CRPG? ??? ??, ?? ?? ? ?? ???? ???? RPG? ????. ?? RPG? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???.^[140] ??? ?? RPG? ????? ??? ?? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ??? ????. ??? ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????.^[140] ?? RPG? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??.

?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????, ??? ??? III: ???? (1983)?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????.^[143] ??? III? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????,^[144] ???? ??? Bokosuka Wars (1983)? ??/????? RPG ??? ???? ????.^[145] ??? ????? ?? RPG(????? ????? RPG? ???)?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ?? RPG ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? RPG? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????.^[141]

?? ?? RPG? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ??. ??? ???? ?? RPG? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ?? ?????? ????.^[146] ????? ?? RPG? ???? ??? ??? ????, ?? ? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???.^[147]^[148] ??? 1990?? ?? ?? ?? ?? RPG? ?? ???? ?? ?????, PS1 ? PS2 ???? ??? ??? ???, ????? ???, Vanguard Bandits, ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???, ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???.^[149] (PS1? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????.^[150]^[151]) ??? TRPG? ????? ?????(?: Wii ??? ??) ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??.^[152] ? ??, ??? ?? ??? ??? 1990??? ?? ????? ? ?? ??? ??? ???.

?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???, ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? X-COM: UFO Defense (1994)? ?? ?? ?????.^[153] X-COM? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ? ?? ????? ? ? ???? ??? ????.^[154]^[155] ??? ?? ??? Jagged Alliance^[156]^[157] (1994–2013) ? Silent Storm^[157]^[158] (2003–2005) ???? ??. ?? ????? ???, 2000?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? PC??? ???? ?? ?? ? ?????? ??(?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????).^[159]^[160] ??? ?? ?? ?? RPG ????? ? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????.^[96]^[97] ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????.^[160]

?????, "??? ??"? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? "???" CRPG? ?? ????. ?? CRPG ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????,^[161] SSI? Wizard's Crown (1985) ? The Eternal Dagger (1987);^[31] 80?? ?? ? 90?? ??? Gold Box ???(? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???);^[30] ??? ?? The Dark Eye ? ? ??? ???? ???? ? Realms of Arkania (1992–1996) ???? ??.^[31] ??? ??? ?????? 2,^[162] Shadowrun: Dragonfall,^[163] ??? ????: ???? ?^[164]—?? 2014?? ?????. ? ???? ?? ??? 2014?? "CRPG ????? ? ?"?? ???.^[165]

?? RPG

?? RPG? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ????. ?? ??? ??, ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??. ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ? ??.^[166] ? ??? PC?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???.

????? ??

?? ? ?? ?RPG ??? ???? ??? ???, ?? ??, ?? ??? ?? ????? RPG?? ? ? ?? ??? ???? ???, ?? ????? ?RPG?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????.^[66]^[167] ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ????? ???? ??? 1?? ?? ??, ??? ??, ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ??, ???? ?? (2000? ??) ? ???: ??? ?? ???? (2007? ??) ???? ??? ?? 1?? ?? ??;^[168]^[169]^[170]^[171] SpellForce: The Order of Dawn (2003) ? ??? 40,000: ? ?? ? 2 (2009)? ?? ??? ?? ??;^[172]^[173] Castlevania Puzzle (2010) ? Puzzle Quest: Challenge of the Warlords (2007)? ?? ?? ??? ??;^[174]^[175] ??? RPG ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? Steel Panthers (1995–2006) ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??. ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???. ? ???? ?? AAA ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? "??? ??" RPG?? ???,^[167] ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? ?????? ??? ??? "???" ????? ???.^[176]

?? ???? ??

RPG? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???. ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????, ??? ?? ??, ???? ??, ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????.^[177]

RPG? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????, RPG? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???.^[61] ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??. ???? ??? ????? ????? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???. ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????.^[3]

RPG? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????.^[3] ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??. ??? RPG? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??. ??? ???? RPG? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??.

??? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????. ?? ??, ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??: ? ?????? ????, ?? ???, ??, ???, ??? ? ???? ???? ???? ? ?? ??? ????, ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????.

????? III: ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????, ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? "??" ? ?? ??? ???? ??.^[178] ????? III? ???? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? (DotA)? ?????? ??? ?? ???(MOBA) ??? ??? ??? ???.^[179]^[180] ????? III? ?? ??? MOBA? ???? ??, ??? ?? ??, ?? ??? ????, RPG ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??. ???? ? ???? ????, ?? ?? ?? ???, ??? ?? ??? ???, ??? ????,^[181] ??? ??? ???? ????,^[182] ?? ? ???? ??,^[183] ??? ??,^[184] ??? ??? ?? ????? ??^[185]^[186]? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??.

??? ??? ? ??? ??? ? ?? RPG? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ?? RPG? ??? ??? ? ?? ?????? ???? ? ??? ???.^[39] ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ?? RPG? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???.^[39]

??

? ???? ?? ?? ?? RPG ???? ??????,^[55] 3? ? ?? ?????.^[187]^[188]^[189]^[190] ????? ??, ??, ?????? 3?? ? ?? ?????.^[191] ? ???? ? ??? ? ??? ?? ?? RPG ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????, 2014? 3? 31? ???? ?? 1? 1?? ? ??? 6? 4?? ? ?? ?????.^[192]^[193]^[194] ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??(? ?? ???? ??)? ?? 100? ? ?? ??????, ?? ??? 400? ? ?? ?????.^[195] ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? VII?, 2010? ???? ? ????? 1?? ? ?? ?????.^[196]

?? ?? ?? PC RPG ?? ? ??? ?? ?? ??????, 2010? 5? ???? 1,150? ?? ???? ???? ??.^[197] ?? ???? PC RPG ???? ???? II? ?? ?? ??????, 2001? ???? 400? ? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????.^[198] ??? ????: ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????, 2010??? NPD Group? PC ?? ??? ?? 10? ??? ???.^[199] ?? ????: ?? ???? 2008? ?? ?? ?? PC ?? ? 19?? ?????—?? ?? 7? ??? ??? ???? ???.^[200] 2010??? 1,100? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? II? ??????? ?????.^[201] ??????? ???? ???? 2?? ? ?? ??????,^[202] 2012?? ??? ? OS X??? ??? ???? III? ???? ???.^[203]^{[Note 5]}

??? ??? ???? 2008? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? "?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??", "???? ?? ?? ?? ??", "??? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ???"? ??? 6?? ?? ??? ????.^[206] ????? ????? ???? "?? ?? ???? RPG ???"? ??? 8?? ??? ????.^[207] ???? II? 2000? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ? 2? ?? 100? ? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????,^[208] ? ??? ?? ?? ? ?????.^[209]^[210] ?? RPG? ??? ???? "?? ?" ??? (2002? ??)? ??????? "The Art of Video Games" ??? (2012? ??)? ???? ???, ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ? ?? ???.^[211]

2011? 5? ?????? ???, ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? 360 ??? ?? ??? 2?, ?? ????? 100? ??? 96???.^[212]^{[Note 6]} 2010? 5? ???? ?????? ???, ?? 4? ???? ??? ??? ???? 360 ?? 95.70%, PC ?? 94.24%? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? 2, ??????? 3 ?? 95.40%? ?? ??? ?? ??? 3: ?? ?? ? ?? ???, 95.10%? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???, ???? ?? 94.18%? ?? ??? ?? ????: ????? ?????.^[55] ? 6?? ?? ??? ???? ???? 2010? 5? ???? ??? ??? VII? ? ????? 1?? ? ?????,^[196] 2010? 12? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? 161,161? ??????,^[213] ?? ??? 2? ?? 3?? ?? 2010? 3? ???? ? ????? 160? ? ?????,^[214] ??? 3? ?? ? ? ?? 2008? 11? ???? ? ??? ???? 470? ? ?????,^[215] ????: ????? ???? 2004? 11? ???? ????? PC ?? ?? 300? ? ?? ??????,^[216] ??? ???? 2003? 3? ???? ?? ??? ? ??????? ??? 265? ? ?? ?????,^[217] ??? DS ??? 2009? 3? 31? ???? 79? ? ?????.^[218] ?? ??? ? PC ???? ???, 3?? ???? ? ???? 360? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???????, 3?? ?? ???, ???????, Wii? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????.

??? ??? VII? 2008? ????? "?? ??? RPG 26?" ???? 1?? ????,^[219] IGN? 2000? "?? ?? ??? ??" ?????? 1?,^[220] 2004?? 2005? GameFAQs? "?? ??? ??" ?? ?????? 1?? ????.^[221]^[222] ?? ???? ??? "?? ??? ?? 100?" ???? RPG ? ?? ?? ??? 2?? ????.^[223] IGN? 2007? "?? ??? ?? 100?" ???? ?? ?? ??? RPG? ??? ??? VI? 9?? ????.^[224] 2006?? 2008? IGN ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? 2?? ?? ?? ??? RPG??.^[225]^[226] ??? ??? VI? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? 200? ????? 8?? ???? ?? ?? ??? RPG??, ?? 200? ??? ??? 8? ?? ? ????? ??.^[227] 2006? ??? ?? ????? RPG? ???????, 20? ?? ?? 10? ? ???? ?????.^[228] ??? ?? ??????, ?? ?? ???? ??? ???.^[229] ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? X, ??? ??? ??? VII, ??? ??? III??.^[228] ?? 10?? ???? ???? ?? "10??? RPG" ???? 1?? ????. RPGFan? "?? 10??? RPG 20?" ????? ????: ??? ?? ?? & ??? ?? ?? 2? 1?? ????, ? ???? ???? ???? 3? ????.^[230] RPGamer? "10??? RPG" ????? ???? ???? 3? 1?? ????, ? ???? ??? ??? X? ?? ?? ?????? ????.^[231]

?????, ?? ? ? ?? ?? RPG? ???? ? ???? 360? ?? ???? ??? ??????,^[232]^[233] ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????,^[233]^[234]^[235] ?? ?? RPG ????? ???? ??????.^[236]^{[Note 7]} ??, RPG? 7?? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? Wii?? ???? ??? ?????,^[237] ??? DS? ?? ??? ?????? ? ???? ??? ??.^[238]

??? ?? ???

??? ?? ?? RPG ????? 1975?? ??? ???? ??? ??? Dungeon? ?? ? ????;^[55] ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??;^[55] ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????;^[55] ??? ???? ?? ??? ???;^[55] ??? ???? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??. ?? ??? ?? RPG ????? ??? 3, ??? 4, ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????; ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???;^[55] ??? ?? ???? ????? 2077? ???? CD ????? ??. ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? 2010? 1UP.com?? "??? ? ?? ?? ???"? ?????.^[239]

??????

2009???^[240] ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??. ????? ??????? ???? ????? Serpent in the Staglands (2015), The Banner Saga ??? (2015–2018), Dead State (2014), ?????? 2 (2014), ???? (2015), Shadowrun Returns ? ? ?? (2012–2015), ??? ?? ???? ??? (2015–2018), ????: ???? ? ??? (2014–2017), Torment: Tides of Numenera (2017)? ??. ?????? 2, ????: ???? ?, The Banner Saga, Dead State (? Might and Magic X, Lords of Xulima, The Dark Eye: Blackguards? ?? ? ????? ?? ??? ???)? ??? ?? 2014?? PC ???? ?? "CRPG ????? ? ?"?? ???.^[241] ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? "???? ??"? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? "???? ??" ????? ??? ??.^[242]^[243]

2017? 5? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? CRPG? ????? ?? 4,188,927??? ??? Torment: Tides of Numenera??.^[244] ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???, ??? ?? ??, ??? ????? ?????.

?? ??

????

??

↑ ^? ^? Adams & Rollings 2003, 347?.
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↑ Barton 2008, 37–38?
↑ Lee, Justin (2004? 2? 15?). “Secret of Mana”. 《?????》. 2005? 1? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2010? 1? 24?? ???.
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↑ Castronva, Edward (2006). 《Synthetic Worlds: The Business and Culture of Online Games》. University Of Chicago Press. 10, 291?. ISBN 978-0-226-09627-8. [pp. 10] MMORPG? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???(MUD)???. [...] [pp. 291] ??, MUD? ?? ?? VR? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????.
↑ Bainbridge, William Sims (2004). 《Berkshire Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction》 3. Berkshire Publishing Group. 474?. ISBN 978-0-9743091-2-5. ????? ???? ??? MUD? ???? ?? ??? ??. [...] ???? ??? ?? 2D ?? ??? MUD? 5?? ??? ??? ??? ???: Origin Systems? 1997? Ultima Online (UO).
↑ ^? ^? ^? King & Borland 2003, 255–257? harvnb ??: ?? ??: borlanddd (???) "?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????, ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ????. ?? ?? ??? ???, ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ?? ????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ?? ????, 13?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????. ??? ???? ???? ? ????, ????? ??? ???? ? ????."
↑ MacLellan, Jon (2001? 5? 1?). “Please? Maybe a Thank You?”. 《?????》. IGN Entertainment, Inc. 2011? 7? 11?? ???.
↑ Hailey, Charlie (2009? 4? 30?). 《Camps: A Guide to 21st Century Space》. The MIT Press. 74?. ISBN 978-0-262-51287-9. ?? ??? ???? ??? ????, ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????. ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????(EverCamp)? ???? ? ????.
↑ Lopez, Miguel (2005? 11? 9?). “Onlife #32: Good game ninja loot.”. 《?????》. IGN Entertainment, Inc. 2011? 7? 11?? ???.
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↑ Craddock, David L (2015? 8? 5?). Magrath, Andrew, ??. 《Dungeon Hacks: How NetHack, Angband, and Other Roguelikes Changed the Course of Video Games》. Press Start Press. ISBN 978-0692501863.
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↑ “The best game ever – Linux”. 《Salon》. Salon Media Group, Inc. 2000? 1? 27?. 2012? 5? 28?? ???.
↑ Murphy, Stephen (2012? 12? 26?). “A Game 20 Years In the Making”. 《? ???????》. Defy Media LLC. 2015? 11? 17?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2015? 11? 14?? ???.
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↑ Bailey, Kat. “Active Time Babble XXI: Tactical RPGs & Ys Seven”. 《1UP.com》. IGN Entertainment Games. 2011? 8? 8?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 5? 12?? ???. ?? RPG? ??? ?? & ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ?, ?? ??? ?????.
↑ Barton 2007a, 4? harvnb ??: ?? ??: barton_3623 (???)
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↑ Parfitt, Ben (2007? 7? 17?). “Disgaea 3 heading to PS3”. 《MCV》. Newbay Media. 2015? 12? 19?? ???. ?? RPG ??? ???? ?? 1?? ???? ?? ?? ???, ?? RPG ?? ??? ?? ??(Nippon Ichi)? ???? ??? ??? PS3? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???.
↑ Neufeld, Anna Marie. “Fire Emblem: The Sacred Stones – Staff Review”. 《RPGamer》. 2012? 3? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 5? 12?? ???. ?? RPG ??? ???? ??? ????, ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ? ?? ????.
↑ Parish, Jeremy. “PlayStation Tactics”. 《1UP.com》. IGN Entertainment Games. 2011? 6? 4?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 5? 12?? ???. ?? RPG? PS1 ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????. ... FFT? ?? ?? RPG ??? ???? ??? ?????, ? PS1 ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????.
↑ Beckett, Michael. “Final Fantasy Tactics – Retroview”. 《RPGamer》. March 14, 2012? ?? ???? ??? ??. May 12, 2011? ???. ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? VII? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? RPG? ????. ?, ? ?? ??, ? ???? ??, ??? ?? ??? ? ? ??? ????.
↑ Bramwell, Tom (2002? 10? 21?). “Dynasty Tactics – First Impressions”. 《Eurogamer》. Gamer Network. 2011? 5? 12?? ???. ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???, ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????.
↑ Bailey, Kat (2010? 4? 14?). “X-COM: Distilling a Classic”. 《1UP.com》. IGN Entertainment Games. 2012? 7? 10?? ?? ???? ??? ??. ? ??? ???? ??? ? ??? X-COM: UFO Defense????. ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? RPG? ??? ????? ??? ?? RPG? ??????. ... ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????, ??? ??? ????, ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????.
↑ Bailey, Kat (2009? 10? 23?). “Strategery: The Dragon Age Appetizer”. 《1UP.com》. IGN Entertainment Games. 2013? 1? 1?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2010? 2? 4?? ???. ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? RPG? ????? ??? ??? ? ??? ????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? RPG? ???? ????. X-Com? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? "?? ???"? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ? ??????.
↑ Bailey, Kat (2009? 9? 4?). “Strategery: Valkyria Chronicles and X-Com: UFO Defense”. 《1UP.com》. IGN Entertainment Games. 2012? 7? 9?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 5? 15?? ???. ??? ??, ???? ??? ???: ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ??????, ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ? ?????. ??? ?? SRPG? ????? ? ? ???? ???? ?????, Freedom Force(??? SRPG?? ?? ??? ??? Dawn of War II)? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????.
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↑ ^? ^? “JAPAN: Oblivion and Face Training”. 《Edge》. Future Publishing Limited. 2007? 7? 27?. 2011? 9? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2010? 9? 7?? ???.
↑ “Exclusive: Platform-Specific Q1 U.S. Sales Reveal Notable Trends”. 《Gamasutra》. UBM Tech. 2010? 5? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2010? 9? 15?? ???.
↑ DakotaG (2008? 12? 8?). “The RPGs of 2008: Handhelds leading”. 《StrategyInformer》. 2008? 8? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 1? 12?? ???.
↑ “5 Japanese Game Developers You Should Know”. 《1UP.com》. IGN Entertainment Games. 2009? 12? 16?. 2015? 12? 22?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2015? 12? 19?? ???.
↑ Purchese, Robert (2016? 5? 15?). “Is Kickstarter for video games dead?”. 《Eurogamer》. 2017? 7? 6?? ???.
↑ Thorman, Peter (2014? 12? 31?). “2014: the first year of the CRPG renaissance”. 《PC ???》. 2015? 12? 5?? ???.
↑ Bidaux, Thomas (2015? 7? 29?). “The giants hiding a growing problem – Video games on Kickstarter on the first half of 2015”. 《Gamasutra》. UBM. 2017? 5? 22?? ???.
↑ Chironis, Katie (2015? 5? 19?). “'Big indie' Kickstarters are killing actual indies”. 《polygon.com》. Vox Media. 2017? 5? 22?? ???.
↑ Phil Savage (2013? 5? 1?). “Torment: Tides of Numenera makes final stretch goal, player strongholds now secured”. 《PC ???》. 2016? 4? 22?? ???.

???

↑ ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????. ??, ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ? ?????? ??? ??? ????? "? ??"??? ???? ??? ??.^[37]
↑ ??? ?? ?? JRPG? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??.^[62]
↑ ????? ?? RPG ??? ??? ??? ?????,^[82] ?? ??? JRPG? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????.^[81]
↑ ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ???, MMO? ?? ???? RPG? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ? ??.^[45]^[66]^[133]
↑ ???? III? 2013? 9? 3? ??????? 3 ? ???? 360??? ??????,^[204] 2014? 8? 19? ??????? 4 ? ???? ???? ?????.^[205]
↑ ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????.
↑ ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? RPG? ?? ??? IV: ?????? ??.^[236]

?? ??

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[barton_3623_04-147] Barton 2007a, 4? harvnb ??: ?? ??: barton_3623 (???)

[borlanddd_h-148] King & Borland 2003 harvnb ??: ?? ??: borlanddd (???)

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[236] “Top 20 RPGs of the Past Decade”. 《RPGFan》. 2014? 10? 7?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 2? 5?? ???.

[237] “RPGs of the Decade – 2000 to 2009 – #1”. 《RPGamer》. November 10, 2014? ?? ???? ??? ??. February 5, 2011? ???.

[rpgsite_bestofxbox360-238] Donaldson, Alex. “The Best Xbox 360 RPGs Available Right Now”. 《RPG Site》. 2010? 3? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2010? 9? 11?? ???.

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[csmon_xbox-240] Rusling, Matthew (2006? 1? 10?). “No clamor for Xbox in Japan”. 《???? ???? ???》. 2010? 10? 2?? ???. 2002? ?? ?? ???????? Xbox? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???.

[playtm_xbox-241] Gasse, Nicholas (2010? 9? 21?). “Xbox 360 dominance in Japan will come 'over time'”. 《Play.tm》. Ferrago Ltd. 2010? 9? 29?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2010? 10? 2?? ???.

[edge_oblivion_japan-242] ? ^? “JAPAN: Oblivion and Face Training”. 《Edge》. Future Publishing Limited. 2007? 7? 27?. 2011? 9? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2010? 9? 7?? ???.

[244] “Exclusive: Platform-Specific Q1 U.S. Sales Reveal Notable Trends”. 《Gamasutra》. UBM Tech. 2010? 5? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2010? 9? 15?? ???.

[245] DakotaG (2008? 12? 8?). “The RPGs of 2008: Handhelds leading”. 《StrategyInformer》. 2008? 8? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 1? 12?? ???.

[246] “5 Japanese Game Developers You Should Know”. 《1UP.com》. IGN Entertainment Games. 2009? 12? 16?. 2015? 12? 22?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2015? 12? 19?? ???.

[Purchese2016-247] Purchese, Robert (2016? 5? 15?). “Is Kickstarter for video games dead?”. 《Eurogamer》. 2017? 7? 6?? ???.

[248] Thorman, Peter (2014? 12? 31?). “2014: the first year of the CRPG renaissance”. 《PC ???》. 2015? 12? 5?? ???.

[249] Bidaux, Thomas (2015? 7? 29?). “The giants hiding a growing problem – Video games on Kickstarter on the first half of 2015”. 《Gamasutra》. UBM. 2017? 5? 22?? ???.

[250] Chironis, Katie (2015? 5? 19?). “'Big indie' Kickstarters are killing actual indies”. 《polygon.com》. Vox Media. 2017? 5? 22?? ???.

[251] Phil Savage (2013? 5? 1?). “Torment: Tides of Numenera makes final stretch goal, player strongholds now secured”. 《PC ???》. 2016? 4? 22?? ???.

[53] ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????. ??, ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ? ?????? ??? ??? ????? "? ??"??? ???? ??? ??.^[37]

[64] ??? ?? ?? JRPG? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??.^[62]

[85] ????? ?? RPG ??? ??? ??? ?????,^[82] ?? ??? JRPG? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????.^[81]

[137] ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ???, MMO? ?? ???? RPG? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ? ??.^[45]^[66]^[133]

[210] ???? III? 2013? 9? 3? ??????? 3 ? ???? 360??? ??????,^[204] 2014? 8? 19? ??????? 4 ? ???? ???? ?????.^[205]

[218] ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????.

[243] ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? RPG? ?? ??? IV: ?????? ??.^[236]

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v t e ??? ?? ??
??	?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ? ?? ?? 1?? ?? ?? 3?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? 1?? ?? ??(MMOFPS)
?? ????	?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??
????	??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??
????	?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??(MORPG) ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??(MMORPG) MUD ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??
?????	???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ? ?? ????? ? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?
?? ??	4X ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??(MMORTS) ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??
??? ??	??? ?? ?? {?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??
?? ??	?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??(MMOG) ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??

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