?? ?? ????
????? ??? ??????.
?????? ???
?? (??) ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? 42° 00′ 00″ ?? 21° 26′ 00″ ? / ? ?? 42.0000° ?? 21.433333° ? / 42.0000; 21.433333 ???? ??? , ??? , ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ? ?? 1991? 9? 8? ?? 25,333 km2 (149 ? ) ??? ?? 1.9% ??? CET (UTC +1) DST CEST (UTC+2) ??? ?????? , ????? 1 ??? ?????? 2021? ?? 1,836,713?[ 1] ?? ?? 71.43?/km2 (122? ) GDP (PPP )2025? ??? ? ?? $533? 4,500?[ 2] (134? ) ? ??? $29,475[ 2] (71? )GDP (??)2025? ??? ? ?? $178? 8,500?[ 2] (137? ) ? ??? $9,882[ 2] (81? )HDI 0.815[ 3] (68? , 2023? ??)?? ??? (MKD )?? ??? 60.4%[ 4] ??? 0.5%???? 32.2% ?? ?? 0.2%ISO 3166-1 807 , MK , MKD ??? .mk ?? ?? +389 1 ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??, ?? ??, ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? 20% ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????.
百度 、北京、、山东、上海、、、江苏、浙江等大部最高气温在0~10℃左右,宜穿羽绒服类衣物,可以说是“莫问气温多少度,穿好羽绒不冻哭”。
?????? ??? (?????? : Република Северна Македони?а ????? ???? ????? , ????? : Republika e Maqedonis? s? Veriut ????? ? ????? ? ???? , ?? : Republic of North Macedonia , ??? : ?????? ???), ?? ?????? ? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??. ???? ??? , ???? , ???? ???? , ???? ??? , ???? ???? ? ???.[ 5] ??? ??? ??, ? ?? ?? ???? ??? , ???? , ???? , ???? , ??? , ??? , ??? , ????? , ????? ?? ??. ?? ??? 50?? ?? ??? ???, 2,000 m? ?? ?? 16?? ??.
??? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ? ??????, ?2? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ??? ?????. 1991? ? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? (?????? : Република Македони?а , ??? : ????? ???)?? ?? ????. ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ·???? ? ?? ???? ?? ? ??? ????, ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??. 1993? ?? ? ????? ?? ??? '?????'? ?? ? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??? (FYROM [ 6] [ 7] ; The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, ??? : ?? ?????? ????? ???)??? ?? ??? ?????.[ 8] [ 9]
2019? 1? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ? ?????.[ 10] [ 11] [ 12]
2019? 2? 13? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???. ?? ??????? ?? , ???? ???? , ?? ??? , ??? ?? , ???? , ??? ?? ??? ?? , ???? ?? ?? ?? , ?????? ? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????.
??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ? ???.[ 13] ??, ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? [ 14] [ 15] [ 16] [ 17] ? ????? [ 18] ? ? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ? ?? ????? ? ????? ? ???.[ 19] ?? ??? ??? ??? ????, ??? ????? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???.
??? 336? ????? ??? ???? 2? ? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ? ?????, ? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??.[ 20] ????? ??? ?????? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????. ??? ?? ? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???. ???????? ??? ? ??? ???? ? ??????? ??? ????? ?????(Macedonia Salutaris)? ???? ???(Moesia Prima)? ????.[ 21]
?? 580?? ???? ?? ? ????? ???? ? ???? ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ???. 680?? ??? (Kuber)?? ????? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ? ?????(Keramisian) ??? ????? ??? ??.[ 22] ????? ???? 1? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????. 9??? ????? ??? 1? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????.
1014? ???? ??? ????? 2? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? 1018?? 7?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????. ???, 12?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????, 1080???? ???? ? ?? ????? ??.
13?? ?? ???? ?? ? ???? ? ??? ?? ????. ???, ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? 14?? ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ???. 14??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ? ????. ??? ? ??? ??? 4? ?? ??? ??? ???.
??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????, ? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ????. 14??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ? ????? ????.[ 23] ??? ?? ?? ? ????? 500? ? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ???.
18?? ? ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ? ???? ????? ?? ,[ 24] ??? ???? , ??? ?????? ,[ 25] ?? ?????? [ 26] ? ?? ???? ???. ???, ???, ???, ????, ???, ?????? ???? ??? ?? 1870? ? ?? ???? ??? ? ????? ??.[ 27]
19?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ??? '????-????? -???????? ?? ???'??. ? ??? 1905?? '?? ????? -???????? ???'(Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization)?? ?????, ?1? ?? ?? ?? '?? ????? ?? ?? '? '?? ???? ?? ??'? ?????.
??? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???, ????? "???? ?? ?? ????? ? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??"?? ???? ?????.[ 28] ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? , ????? , ???? , ????? , ????? ?? ??? ???. ???, ??? ??? ????? ????? ???.[ 29]
1903?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? '???-???????? ??'? ??? ?? ???? ????, '???? ???'? ???? ?????. ? ??? ???? ??? ??? '????? ???'? ?? ???? ???? ??.
?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ? ????
1912?? 1913?? ? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ???? ??? , ???? , ???? ? ?? ???, ???? ? ?????. ??? ??????? ??? ?? '?? ????'(????? : Ju?na Srbija ??? ???? )? ?????. ?1? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ? ??? ??. 1929? ? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???, ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? '???? ?(Vardar Banovina ???? ???? )'? ?????.
1920??? 1934??? ??? ?????? , ????? ?????? , ?? ????? ? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ? ????. 1918? ????? ???? ? ???? ??? ?1? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? (Pirin Macedonia)? ????? ?????,[ 30] ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ? ??? ????? ???.
???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????. 1923? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? '???? ?? ?? ??'? ?? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ??? ? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????.[ 31]
?2? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?????[ ?? ]
?2? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ? ?????. ? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???.[ 32] ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ?????? , ???? ??? , ??? ???? ? ?? ?????? ????.
????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????,[ 33] [ 34] ?????? ???? ????.[ 35]
???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ?? 7,000?? ?? ????? ??? ????.[ 36] [ 37]
???? ??? ?? ??? ???????? 1943? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????,[ 38] ????? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? 1944? ?? ??????? ???? ????.
1944? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ????. ?? ? 9?? 3? ?????(? 455,000?? ??)? ?????? ? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ??? ? ????. ????? ??? ?? ? ?????? ? ?? ? ? ?????.[ 39] 1945?? ???? ??? ?2? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????.[ 40]
?????? ???? ??? ?????[ ?? ]
?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????(?? ?? ?)
1944? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? '?????? ?? ?? ???'? ???? ????. ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????.
? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???. ?????? ??? 1963?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????, ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????. ??? ?? (1946?~1949?) ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????. ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????. 1948?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????.[ 41] 1991?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????, ???? '????'? ??.
??????? 1991? 9? 8?? ????? ? ?????, ? ? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?????, ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????. '???-???????? ??'? ??? ?(? ??? ? ?)? 8? 2?? ???? ? ? ???? ???? ????.
??????? 1990?? ? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???. ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???. ???, ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? 1994??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??.[ 42] ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? 1995? 9?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? (FYROM)?? ??? 1993?? UN ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????.[ 42] ?, 1999??? ??? ?? ?? ????? 36???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??(不安) ??? ???. ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????, ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????.
2001? 6?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????. ? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???. ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????, ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ?, ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???.
?????? ??
??????? ?? ???? ????? ? ??
?????
??????? ??? 25,713 km2 ?? ?? 20° ~?? 23° , ?? 40° ~?? 43° ? ????. ??? ??? 748km? ???. ???? ???? ? 63km? ????, ????? ???? ? 148km?, ???? ??? ? 228km?, ???? ???? ? 151km? ??? ??. ? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??. ??????? ???? ????? ?? ? ??? ????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ? ????? ??? ????.
??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??. ???? ?? ???? ? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??. ???? ? ???? ?? ?? ???? ? 3? ??? ????? ·????? ·???? ? ??. ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????.[ 43] ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ???, 1963? ????? ? ??? ???? 1,000?? ?? ???? ??? ??.
??????? ?? ?? ??? ???. ?? ??? ? ???, ??? ????[ 44] [ 45] ? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????·????? ???(??? ·???? ·???? ·????? )?? ????. ? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? -?????? ??. ????? ?? ????·????? ???? ??? ??? ????-???????? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??. ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ? 2,764m?? ???????? ?? ??.
???????? ? ???? 1,100? ??. ?? ???(海)? ????? , ??? ??? ?????.[ 46] ? ??? ????? ?? ???, ??? 87%? 22,075km2? ???, ?????? ?? ? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 80%? ???? 20,459km2? ??? ???. ???? ? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??.
?? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? 13%? 3,320km·? ????. ?????? ?????? ?? ? ?? ?? ?????. ?? ??? 37km? ?? ?? ???, ????? ??? ??? ?? ????. ??? ???? ????? ????, ???? ? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? ???.
??????? ????? ??, ??? ?? ??? ????? , ????? , ???? ? ??? 50??? ?? ??? ??. ??????? ?? ? ??(ба?а)?? ???, ????, ?? ???, ?????, ?????, ????, ??????, ?? ???, ?????? ??, ???? ? ????? ? 9?? ?? ??? ???? ??.
??????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ???. ??? ?? ????, ??? ?? ??. ??? ???? ?? ??? 1,700mm?? ?? ??? 500mm?? ??? ??? ???. ? ???? ??? ????, ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ? ? ???? ??. ?????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ?? ????? , ???? , ??? , ????? , ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???. ?????? ? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???, 7, 8? ??? 40 °C? ???. ?? ??? ??? ???? ????, ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????. ?? ???? ??. ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???, ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????. ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? 30?? ??.
2002? ??????? ?? ??
??????
?
64.18%
?????
?
25.17%
???
?
3.85%
???
?
2.66%
?????
?
1.78%
?????
?
0.84%
??????
?
0.48%
??
?
1.04%
???????? ?? ??? ? ?? ? ?????? ?? ? ??? 64.2%? ????. ? ??? ??? 25.2%? ????? ??, ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ? ?? ????? ? 3.9%, ?? ? 2.7%, ????? ? 1.8%, ????? ? 0.8%??(2003? ??).[ 47]
??????? 5???? 7?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ? ????. ????? ? ??/??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????, ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????.
??? ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????. ??? ?? ???? ? ???[ 48] ????? ? ????.
???? ?????? ??, ?? ??(母語)? ?? ??? 66.5%??. ? ?? ?? ???? ?????? 25.1%, ???? 3.5%, ??? 1.9%, ?????? 1.2%, ?????? 0.4%??. ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????, ????? ??? 20% ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ? ????? ???? ? ? ??.[ 49]
??????? ???? ??? ??(?????)? ?????? 2006?? ????? ???.
??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ????. ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??.
??? ?? ??? ???, 1,344,815?? ??? ??????? ??, 507,989?? ??????, 71,757?? ????, 38,528?? ???, 6,884?? ??????? ????, 24,773?? ?????? ????, 8,560?? ??????, 19,241?? ? ? ??? ????.[ 50] ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??.[ 51] [ 52]
??? ????? ??? ??? 64.7%? ??? ?? ???, ? ???? ???? ??? 33.3%? ????. ?????? ??? ? '?????'??? ???. ? ??? ?? ?? ?? (96%), ??? (90%), ???? (56.7%), ???? ?????? (45%)? ?? ??? ????? ?? 15? ?? ??? ??? ???.
??????? ??? ???? ? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ? ??? ?? , ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??. ???? ?? ? ???? ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??. ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??, ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??. ??, ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??.
?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???-????(?? ?? ??? ?? ??)?, ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ? ???, ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???.[ 54]
??????? 2004? 8? ???? 84? ?? ???(??????: општини, op?tini, ??? општина, op?tina)? ???? ??? ? ??? 10? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????.
???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? 1996? 9?? ??? 123? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??. ??????? 8? ??(регион, regioni)?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????.
??????? 1991??? 1995??? ??? ??
??????? ?? ?????, 2025? ?? 178??? ?? ??? ?? ??. ?????? 2019? 7? ??????, ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ·????? ??? ?? ?? 2021?? 2023?? ?????.[ 55]
??????? ??? ? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???. ??? ? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ? ??? ?????. 1993? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??, 1945??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? (FYROM)??? ?? ??? ?????. ? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???.
?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? 16?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??, ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????, ??????? 1993? UN ?? ?? ? ??? ???? ????. ???? 1995??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? 8?? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ??(國名)? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???, 2004? ??? ??? ??? ?? IOC ??? ???? ?????.
2018? 6? 17?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????. ? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??(NATO) ??? ????? ??? ?? ??.
??????? ????, ?????, ???? ??????, ????? ? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??.
??????? 1993??? 2018??? ??????????? ?? ?? ??????. ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????.[ 56]
???? 2018?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???, ????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ????. ????? 2019? 7? 18? ? ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ????????? ?? ?, ?, ??? ?? ????? ????, ??, ???? ????, ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??.[ 57]
??????? ??? ? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? (EU) ?? ??? ????? ?? ??. ??????? EU ?? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ? ??? ?????.
↑ “State Statistical Office – News release: Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of North Macedonia, 2021 – first dataset ,2021” . 《Stat.gov.mk》. 2022? 3? 30?? ??? .
↑ ? ? ? ? “World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (MK)” . 《IMF.org》. ?? ?? ?? . 2025? 4? 22?. 2025? 7? 4?? ??? .
↑ “Human Development Report 2025” (PDF) (??). ?? ?? ?? . 2025? 5? 6?. 2025? 5? 6?? ?? ?? (PDF) ?? ??? ??. 2025? 5? 6?? ??? .
↑ ??? 46.1% ?? ??? 14.3%
↑ The Republic of North Macedonia - BASIC FACTS ??? 2025-08-07 - ??? ?? , Republic of North Macedonia, Ministry of foreign affairs
↑ FYROM on un.org
↑ Igor Janev , Legal Aspects of the Use of a Provisional Name for Macedonia in the United Nations System, AJIL, Vol. 93. no 1. 1999.
↑ ?? ??????? ?? ?817? (1993? 4? 7? ??), ?? ??????? ?? ?845? (1993? 6? 18? ??) UN resolutions made on 1993
↑ “Note on Yugoslavia” . 2008? 5? 10?? ??? . "By resolution A/RES/47/225 of 8 April 1993, the General Assembly decided to admit as a Member of the United Nations the State being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the United Nations as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name. "
↑ ??? (2018? 6? 13?). “?????? ? ??? ‘????????’” . 《???》. 2018? 6? 13?? ??? .
↑ “????? ??, '??????'? ?? ??(??)” . 《????》. 2019? 1? 26?. 2019? 2? 15?? ??? .
↑ “?????, ??? ?? ???…?=???” . 《??1》. 2019? 2? 14?. 2019? 2? 15?? ??? .
↑ Bauer, Susan Wise: The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome (2007),ISBN 0-393-05974-X , page 518: "... Italy); to the north, Thracian tribes known collectively as the Paeonians."
↑ Borza, Eugene N (1992? 9? 8?). 《In the shadow of Olympus: the emergence of Macedon》 . Books.google.com. 370?. ISBN 9780691008806 . 2010? 4? 28?? ??? .
↑ Lewis, D. M; Boardman, John (1994). 《The Cambridge ancient history: The fourth century B.C.》 . Books.google.com. 1104?. ISBN 9780521233484 . 2010? 4? 28?? ??? .
↑ Wilkes, John (1995? 12? 28?). 《The Illyrians》 . Books.google.com. 388?. ISBN 9780631198079 . 2010? 4? 28?? ??? .
↑ Sealey, Raphael (1976). 《A history of the Greek city states》 . Books.google.com. 542?. ISBN 9780520031777 . 2010? 4? 28?? ??? .
↑ Evans, Thammy (2007? 6? 1?). 《Macedonia》 . Books.google.com. 332?. ISBN 9781841621869 . 2010? 4? 28?? ??? .
↑ The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3, Part 3: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman and N. G. L. Hammond,1982,ISBN 0-521-23447-6 ,page 284
↑ Poulton, Hugh (2000? 2? 23?). 《Who are the Macedonians?》 . Books.google.com. 244?. ISBN 9781850655343 . 2010? 4? 28?? ??? .
↑ Encyclop?dia Britannica. “Encyclopaedia Britannica — Scopje” . Britannica.com. 2010? 4? 28?? ??? .
↑ "Acta Sancti Demetrii", V 195-207, Гръцки извори за българската история, 3, стр. 159-166
↑ Nicol, Donald Macgillivray (1993). 《The last centuries of Byzantium, (1261-1453) by Donald MacGillivray Nicol》 . Books.google.com. 500?. ISBN 9780521439916 . 2010? 4? 28?? ??? .
↑ Phillips, John (2004). 《Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans》. I.B.Tauris. 41?. ISBN 186064841X .
↑ Becoming Bulgarian: the articulation of Bulgarian identity in the nineteenth century in its international context: an intellectual history, Ost-European studies, Janette Sampimon, Pegasus, 2006, ISBN 90-6143-311-8 , p. 234.
↑ James Franklin Clarke, Dennis P. Hupchick - "The pen and the sword: studies in Bulgarian history", Columbia University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-88033-149-6 , page. 221 (...Peichinovich of Tetovo, Macedonia, author of one of the first Bulgarian books...)
↑ Gawrych, George Walter (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913. I.B.Tauris. p. 28. ISBN 1-84511-287-3 .
↑ M. Glenny, "The Balkans"
↑ 《History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey》 . Books.google.bg. 1977? 5? 27?. ISBN 9780521291668 . 2010? 4? 28?? ??? .
↑ Gerginov, Kr., Bilyarski, Ts. Unpublished documents for Todor Alexandrov's activities 1910-1919, magazine VIS, book 2, 1987, p.214 - Гергинов, Кр. Билярски, Ц. Непубликувани документи за дейността на Тодор Александров 1910-1919, сп. ВИС, кн. 2 от 1987, с. 214.
↑ Vassil Karloukovski. “БАЛКАНСКИТЕ ДЪРЖАВИ И МАКЕДОНСКИЯТ ВЪПРОС” . Promacedonia.org. 2010? 4? 28?? ??? .
↑ Bulgarian Campaign Committees in Macedonia - 1941 Dimitre Mi?ev
↑ Historical dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Valentina Georgieva, Sasha Konechni, Scarecrow Press, 1998, ISBN 0-8108-3336-0 ISBN 0-8108-3336-0 ISBN 0-8108-3336-0 , p. 223 .
↑ 《Who are the Macedonians? Hugh Poulton》 . Books.google.bg. 1995. ISBN 9781850652380 . 2010? 4? 28?? ??? .
↑ Miller, Marshall Lee (1975). 《Bulgaria during the Second World War》 . Books.google.com. 314?. ISBN 9780804708708 . 2010? 4? 28?? ??? .
↑ Bulgaria managed to save its entire 48,000-strong Jewish population during World War II from deportation to concentration camps , but under German pressure those Jews from their newly annexed territories without Bulgarian citizenship were deported, such as those from Vardar Macedonia and Western Thrace . The Holocaust in Macedonia: Deportation of Monastir Jewry United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
↑ Mark Cohen, The Holocaust in Macedonia: Deportation of Monastir Jewry , United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
↑ This policy changed since 1943 with the arrival of the Tito's envoy Montenegrin Serb Svetozar Vukmanovi?-Tempo. He began in earnest to organise armed resistance to the Bulgarian rule and sharply criticized the Sharlo's pro-Bulgarian policy.At a meeting of the partisan brigades, as well as a group of battalions in the Resen region on 21 Dec 1943, Tempo makes the following comments about Shatorov and the leadership of the MCP: ...They thought that the Macedonian people were Bulgarians and that they were oppressed by the hegemony of Great Serbia and had to be transferred to Bulgaria. Their basic slogan is: "All non-Macedonians out of Macedonia". The capital J [Serbo-Croatian spelling of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavian, etc.] was deleted from all documents. In fact they did not want Yugoslavia, no matter where it stood politically. When the war started, the initial decision of this leadership was to be separate from Yugoslavia and from Tito. They declared that Macedonia would be free as soon as the Bulgarians came...
↑ Dr. Ivan Yanev Bulgaria's Foreign Policy During the Second World War as Reflected in Bulgarian Historic Literature 1938-1944 Варна, 2006 Издателство "Литернет", Bezmonitor.com
↑ “Macedonian tribune, ed.18, 02.08.1945, page.1” (PDF) . 2010? 4? 28?? ??? . [?? ?? (?? ?? ?? )]
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↑ ? ? ???, 159?.
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↑ “United Nations Development Programme” (PDF) . 2006? 10? 7?? ?? ?? (PDF) ?? ??? ??. 2006? 10? 7?? ??? .
↑ ?? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????.
↑ “??? ??” . 2012? 2? 25?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??. 2012? 3? 13?? ??? .
↑ Macedonian census, language and religion
↑ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005). “Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition” . SIL International . 2008? 11? 4?? ??? .
↑ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005). “Ethnologue: Languages of the World” . SIL International . 2010? 7? 13?? ??? . Immigrant languages: Greek" "Adyghe [ady] A few villages in Macedonia. Alternate names: Adygey, West Circassian
↑ “Religions” . CIA World Factbook . 2002. 2018? 12? 24?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??. 2013? 6? 21?? ??? .
↑ “????? ?? ??” . 2014? 7? 14?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??. 2013? 8? 10?? ??? .
↑ “韓-?????? ??…?? ? 3?? ?????? ??” . 《???? 》. 2019? 7? 18?.
↑ “???? ?? ????? ??…?? ??????” . CBS. 2012? 5? 7?.
↑ 《??????? ????》 . ?? ???????? ????? ??. 2016? 3? 4?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??. 2013? 8? 2?? ??? .
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